The first section sets the scene by summarizing the political context in which organized violence is occurring. To address these issues the article proceeds in three parts. Although there are significant elements of continuity with earlier periods, policymakers and analysts alike need to understand and adapt to the ways in which the character of armed conflict on the continent has evolved if they are to develop effective responses. This article focuses on the major patterns in armed conflict in Africa since 2010. International efforts to respond to some of these developments by deploying more robust and militarized forms of peace operations and interventions have met with at best only limited success. Specifically, there have been significant reversals in the decline of state-based armed conflicts and deliberate campaigns of violence against civilians religious and environmental factors have played increasingly significant roles in a wide range of armed conflicts there has been a dramatic increase in the levels of popular protests across the continent as well as an exponential rise in the use of improvised explosive device (IED) attacks and suicide bombings. Since 2010, however, the continent has witnessed some disturbing upward conflict trends. 2 Nevertheless, between the early 1990s and the late 2000s, Africa underwent a period of significant progress in reducing the number and intensity of armed conflicts.
1 Explanations for this glut of armed conflicts in Africa remain the subject of debates. According to the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), there have been an estimated 630 state-based and nonstate armed conflicts on the continent between 19. Since the end of the Cold War, Africa has experienced a disproportionately large number of armed conflicts.
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